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Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae Opium Poppy Distribution: Asia minor, but has been dated to 5000BC in Spanish caves. Now grows almost everywhere. The oldest medicine in continuous use, described in the Ebers' papyrus (1550 BC), called Meconium, Laudanum, Paregoric and syrup of poppies. Culpeper (1650) on Meconium '...the juyce of English Poppies boyled till it be thick' and 'I am of the opinion that Opium is nothing else but the juyce of poppies growing in hotter countries, for such Opium as Authors talk of comes from Utopia.[he means an imaginary land, I suspect]’]. He cautions 'Syrups of Poppies provoke sleep, but in that I desire they may be used with a great deal of caution and wariness...' and warns in particular about giving syrup of poppies to children to get them to sleep. The alkaloids in the sap include: Morphine 12% - affects ?-opioid receptors in the brain and causes happiness, sleepiness, pain relief, suppresses cough and causes constipation. Codeine 3% – mild opiate actions – converted to morphine in the body. Papaverine, relaxes smooth muscle spasm in arteries of heart and brain, and also for intestinal spasm, migraine and erectile dysfunction. Not analgesic. Thebaine mildly analgesic, stimulatory, is made into oxycodone and oxymorphone which are analgesics, and naloxone for treatment of opiate overdose – ?-opioid receptor competitive antagonist – it displaces morphine from ?-opioid receptors, and constipation caused by opiates. Protopine – analgesic, antihistamine so relieves pain of inflammation. Noscapine – anti-tussive (anti-cough). In 2006 the world production of opium was 6,610 metric tons, in 1906 it was over 30,000 tons when 25% of Chinese males were regular users. The Opium wars of the end of the 19th century were caused by Britain selling huge quantities of Opium to China to restore the balance of payments deficit. Laudanum: 10mg of morphine (as opium) per ml. Paregoric: camphorated opium tincture. 0.4mg morphine per ml. Gee’s Linctus: up to 60 mg in a bottle. J Collis Browne’s chlorodyne: cannabis, morphine, alcohol etc. Kaolin and Morph. - up to 60 mg in a bottle. Dover’s Powders – contained Ipecacuana and morphine. Heroin is made from morphine, but converted back into morphine in the body (Oakeley, 2012). One gram of poppy seeds contains 0.250mgm of morphine, and while one poppy seed bagel will make a urine test positive for morphine for a week, one would need 30-40 bagels to have any discernible effect. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
Dr Henry Oakeley- Digital Images
- Online
Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae Opium Poppy Distribution: Asia minor, but has been dated to 5000BC in Spanish caves. Now grows almost everywhere. The oldest medicine in continuous use, described in the Ebers' papyrus (1550 BC), called Meconium, Laudanum, Paregoric and syrup of poppies. Culpeper (1650) on Meconium '...the juyce of English Poppies boyled till it be thick' and 'I am of the opinion that Opium is nothing else but the juyce of poppies growing in hotter countries, for such Opium as Authors talk of comes from Utopia [he means an imaginary land, I suspect]’. He cautions 'Syrups of Poppies provoke sleep, but in that I desire they may be used with a great deal of caution and wariness...' and warns in particular about giving syrup of poppies to children to get them to sleep. The alkaloids in the sap include: Morphine 12% - affects ?-opioid receptors in the brain and causes happiness, sleepiness, pain relief, suppresses cough and causes constipation. Codeine 3% – mild opiate actions – converted to morphine in the body. Papaverine, relaxes smooth muscle spasm in arteries of heart and brain, and also for intestinal spasm, migraine and erectile dysfunction. Not analgesic. Thebaine mildly analgesic, stimulatory, is made into oxycodone and oxymorphone which are analgesics, and naloxone for treatment of opiate overdose – ?-opioid receptor competitive antagonist – it displaces morphine from ?-opioid receptors, and reverses the constipation caused by opiates. Protopine – analgesic, antihistamine so relieves pain of inflammation. Noscapine – anti-tussive (anti-cough). In 2006 the world production of opium was 6,610 metric tons, in 1906 it was over 30,000 tons when 25% of Chinese males were regular users. The Opium wars of the end of the 19th century were caused by Britain selling huge quantities of Opium to China to restore the balance of payments deficit. Laudanum: 10mg of morphine (as opium) per ml. Paregoric: camphorated opium tincture. 0.4mg morphine per ml. Gee’s Linctus: up to 60 mg in a bottle. J Collis Browne’s chlorodyne: cannabis, morphine, alcohol etc. Kaolin and Morph. - up to 60 mg in a bottle. Dover’s Powders – contained Ipecacuana and morphine. Heroin is made from morphine, but converted back into morphine in the body (Oakeley, 2012). One gram of poppy seeds contains 0.250mgm of morphine, and while one poppy seed bagel will make a urine test positive for morphine for a week, one would need 30-40 bagels to have any discernible effect. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
Dr Henry Oakeley- Archives and manuscripts
Museum & Exhibition Book
Date: 1881-1894Reference: WF/M/GB/29/28Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd- Archives and manuscripts
"Correspondence"
Date: 1961-2002Reference: PP/SAB/B/1/3/18Part of: Stephen Abrams (1938-2012): archive- Archives and manuscripts
Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)
Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)Date: 1930s-2002Reference: SA/ASH- Pictures
- Online
The Amref trachoma control project in Kenya. Colour lithograph by Amref, ca. 2000.
Date: [2000?]Reference: 755164i- Archives and manuscripts
Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and Library
Date: 1874-c.1984Reference: WA/HMM- Archives and manuscripts
- Online
Henry Wellcome Letter Book 1 ['HSW Private No.1']
Date: Aug 1882-Mar 1888Reference: WF/E/01/01/01Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd- Books
Cold War Freud : psychoanalysis in an age of catastrophes / Dagmar Herzog.
Herzog, Dagmar, 1961-Date: 2017- Books
Three-dimensional treatment for scoliosis : a physiotherapeutic method for deformities of the spine / Christa Lehnert-Schroth.
Lehnert-Schroth, ChristaDate: [2007]- Digital Images
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The Crick papers, the Triplet code, 1961
- Digital Images
- Online
The Crick papers, the Triplet code, 1961
- Digital Images
- Online
The Crick papers, the Triplet code, 1961
- Digital Images
- Online
The Crick papers, the Triplet code, 1961
- Digital Images
- Online
The Crick papers, the Triplet code, 1961
- Archives and manuscripts
Society of Medical Officers of Health
Society of Medical Officers of HealthDate: 1856-1998Reference: SA/SMO- Books
- Online
From dust to digital : ten years of the Endangered Archives Programme / edited by Maja Kominko.
Date: [2015], ©2015- Archives and manuscripts
Circulars Book 3
Date: 1898-1903Reference: WF/M/GB/01/04Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd- Archives and manuscripts
Chaplain's File
Date: 1897-c.1997Reference: DGH1/3/5/19Part of: Records of Crichton Royal Hospital- Archives and manuscripts
Circulars Book 4
Date: 1903-1904Reference: WF/M/GB/01/05Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd- Videos
Wheels of fortune. The story of Lord Nuffield.
Date: [1963]- Archives and manuscripts
Circulars
Date: 1885-1955Reference: WF/M/GB/01Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd- Archives and manuscripts
Circulars Book 6
Date: 1906-1907Reference: WF/M/GB/01/07Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd- Archives and manuscripts
Circulars Book 60
Burroughs Wellcome & Company LimitedDate: 1942-1944Reference: WF/M/GB/01/55Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd- Archives and manuscripts
Monthly Memoranda (points for propaganda)
Date: 1930-1931Reference: WF/M/GB/30/06Part of: Wellcome Foundation Ltd