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  • Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae Opium Poppy Distribution: Asia minor, but has been dated to 5000BC in Spanish caves. Now grows almost everywhere. The oldest medicine in continuous use, described in the Ebers' papyrus (1550 BC), called Meconium, Laudanum, Paregoric and syrup of poppies. Culpeper (1650) on Meconium '...the juyce of English Poppies boyled till it be thick' and 'I am of the opinion that Opium is nothing else but the juyce of poppies growing in hotter countries, for such Opium as Authors talk of comes from Utopia.[he means an imaginary land, I suspect]’]. He cautions 'Syrups of Poppies provoke sleep, but in that I desire they may be used with a great deal of caution and wariness...' and warns in particular about giving syrup of poppies to children to get them to sleep. The alkaloids in the sap include: Morphine 12% - affects ?-opioid receptors in the brain and causes happiness, sleepiness, pain relief, suppresses cough and causes constipation. Codeine 3% – mild opiate actions – converted to morphine in the body. Papaverine, relaxes smooth muscle spasm in arteries of heart and brain, and also for intestinal spasm, migraine and erectile dysfunction. Not analgesic. Thebaine mildly analgesic, stimulatory, is made into oxycodone and oxymorphone which are analgesics, and naloxone for treatment of opiate overdose – ?-opioid receptor competitive antagonist – it displaces morphine from ?-opioid receptors, and constipation caused by opiates. Protopine – analgesic, antihistamine so relieves pain of inflammation. Noscapine – anti-tussive (anti-cough). In 2006 the world production of opium was 6,610 metric tons, in 1906 it was over 30,000 tons when 25% of Chinese males were regular users. The Opium wars of the end of the 19th century were caused by Britain selling huge quantities of Opium to China to restore the balance of payments deficit. Laudanum: 10mg of morphine (as opium) per ml. Paregoric: camphorated opium tincture. 0.4mg morphine per ml. Gee’s Linctus: up to 60 mg in a bottle. J Collis Browne’s chlorodyne: cannabis, morphine, alcohol etc. Kaolin and Morph. - up to 60 mg in a bottle. Dover’s Powders – contained Ipecacuana and morphine. Heroin is made from morphine, but converted back into morphine in the body (Oakeley, 2012). One gram of poppy seeds contains 0.250mgm of morphine, and while one poppy seed bagel will make a urine test positive for morphine for a week, one would need 30-40 bagels to have any discernible effect. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
  • Papaver somniferum L. Papaveraceae Opium Poppy Distribution: Asia minor, but has been dated to 5000BC in Spanish caves. Now grows almost everywhere. The oldest medicine in continuous use, described in the Ebers' papyrus (1550 BC), called Meconium, Laudanum, Paregoric and syrup of poppies. Culpeper (1650) on Meconium '...the juyce of English Poppies boyled till it be thick' and 'I am of the opinion that Opium is nothing else but the juyce of poppies growing in hotter countries, for such Opium as Authors talk of comes from Utopia [he means an imaginary land, I suspect]’. He cautions 'Syrups of Poppies provoke sleep, but in that I desire they may be used with a great deal of caution and wariness...' and warns in particular about giving syrup of poppies to children to get them to sleep. The alkaloids in the sap include: Morphine 12% - affects ?-opioid receptors in the brain and causes happiness, sleepiness, pain relief, suppresses cough and causes constipation. Codeine 3% – mild opiate actions – converted to morphine in the body. Papaverine, relaxes smooth muscle spasm in arteries of heart and brain, and also for intestinal spasm, migraine and erectile dysfunction. Not analgesic. Thebaine mildly analgesic, stimulatory, is made into oxycodone and oxymorphone which are analgesics, and naloxone for treatment of opiate overdose – ?-opioid receptor competitive antagonist – it displaces morphine from ?-opioid receptors, and reverses the constipation caused by opiates. Protopine – analgesic, antihistamine so relieves pain of inflammation. Noscapine – anti-tussive (anti-cough). In 2006 the world production of opium was 6,610 metric tons, in 1906 it was over 30,000 tons when 25% of Chinese males were regular users. The Opium wars of the end of the 19th century were caused by Britain selling huge quantities of Opium to China to restore the balance of payments deficit. Laudanum: 10mg of morphine (as opium) per ml. Paregoric: camphorated opium tincture. 0.4mg morphine per ml. Gee’s Linctus: up to 60 mg in a bottle. J Collis Browne’s chlorodyne: cannabis, morphine, alcohol etc. Kaolin and Morph. - up to 60 mg in a bottle. Dover’s Powders – contained Ipecacuana and morphine. Heroin is made from morphine, but converted back into morphine in the body (Oakeley, 2012). One gram of poppy seeds contains 0.250mgm of morphine, and while one poppy seed bagel will make a urine test positive for morphine for a week, one would need 30-40 bagels to have any discernible effect. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
  • Salvia coahuilensis Fernald Lamiaceae Coahuila Sage. Perennial shrub. Distribution: Mexico. Most of the historical medicinal literature is on common sage, Salvia officinalis. The name Salvia meaning 'healthy'. Elizabeth Blackwell (1737) wrote that it had "... all the noble Properties of the other hot Plants more especially for the Head, Memory, Eyes, and all Paralytical Affections. In short, 'tis a Plant endu'd with so many and wonderful Properties, as that the assiduous use of it is said to render Men Immortal" with which Hans Sloane agreed. Its health giving properties were recorded in the aphorisms of the School of Salerno (fl 9-13th century) - quoted in the Decameron [c.1350, translated: Why should man die when Salvia grows in the Garden']. Some salvias, such as Salvia divinorum contain hallucinogenic compounds. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
  • Salvia nemorosa L. Lamiaceae Woodland sage. Balkan clary Distribution: Central Europe, Western Asia. Most of the historical medicinal literature is on common sage, Salvia officinalis. The name Salvia meaning 'healthy'. Elizabeth Blackwell (1737) wrote that it had "... all the noble Properties of the other hot Plants more especially for the Head, Memory, Eyes, and all Paralytical Affections. In short, 'tis a Plant endu'd with so many and wonderful Properties, as that the assiduous use of it is said to render Men Immortal" with which Hans Sloane agreed. Linnaeus (1782) also: 'Timor, Languor, Leucorrhoea, Senectus [fear, tiredness, white vaginal discharge, old age]'. Its health giving and immortality conferring properties were recorded in the aphorisms of the School of Salerno (fl 9-13th century) - quoted in the Decameron [c.1350, translated: Why should man die when Salvia grows in the Garden']. Some salvias, such as Salvia divinorum contain hallucinogenic compounds. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
  • The German spa, Brighton: pump room and surrounding grounds. Aquatint by M.U. Sears after himself.
  • Buxton, Derbyshire: the Crescent. Lithograph by G. Rowe.
  • Street scene showing the baths and pump room, Bath. Line engraving, 1841.
  • The bath house, Tunbridge Wells. Etching by Letitia Byrne, 1809, after P. Amsinck.
  • Panoramic view of Buxton with a key to the sights. Line engraving by Newman & Co.
  • Female patient with hysteria-induced narcolepsy.
  • The Queen's levée and society figures drinking the waters in the pump room with a key to important society figures, Bath. Line engraving by W.J. Alais, 1817, after Mr. Marsh.
  • The thermal baths and mountains of Bagnères de Luchon, including a key of the sights. Lithograph by Victor Petit.
  • A busy street scene with the baths and pump room, Bath. Lithograph by W. Gauci after A. Woodroffe.
  • Bagnigge Wells: the gardens, with people taking tea, playing bowls, etc. Coloured process print after a drawing made in 1830.
  • Cityscape mountain view of Bagnères de Luchon. Steel engraving by J. Templeton after T. Allom.
  • Os serviços de saúde publica no Brasil : especialmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro : de 1808 a 1907 / organisado pelos P. e C. Barbosa de Rezende, por do ordem do O. Gonçalves Cruz.
  • Os serviços de saúde publica no Brasil : especialmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro : de 1808 a 1907 / organisado pelos P. e C. Barbosa de Rezende, por do ordem do O. Gonçalves Cruz.
  • Os serviços de saúde publica no Brasil : especialmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro : de 1808 a 1907 / organisado pelos P. e C. Barbosa de Rezende, por do ordem do O. Gonçalves Cruz.
  • Os serviços de saúde publica no Brasil : especialmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro : de 1808 a 1907 / organisado pelos P. e C. Barbosa de Rezende, por do ordem do O. Gonçalves Cruz.
  • Os serviços de saúde publica no Brasil : especialmente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro : de 1808 a 1907 / organisado pelos P. e C. Barbosa de Rezende, por do ordem do O. Gonçalves Cruz.
  • A German physician recommending to a gouty English patient that he take the waters at various spa resorts in Germany and Bohemia. Wood engraving after R. Cleaver.
  • Mountainous view of Sanatorium Bad Suderode in the Harz mountains, Germany. Reproduction of a drawing.
  • Bagnères de Bigorre, France: the Allée des Coustous, approaching Place Lafayette with the church of Saint Vincent on the left. Coloured lithograph by J. Jacottet and A. Bayot, 1842.
  • Landscape view of Bagnères de Bigorre with the Pyrénees in the background. Coloured chromolithograph.
  • The Dripping Well, Hastings, Sussex. Line engraving, 1856.
  • Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Pyrenees: the thermal baths and visitors. Lithograph by J. Jacottet and A. Bayot, 1841.
  • The promenade leading to the Observatory, Baths, and Library, Clifton, Bristol. Steel engraving by W. Wallis after himself, 1836.
  • Six vignettes of self-help hydrotherapy. Etching by G. Cruikshank.
  • The promenade leading to the Observatory, Baths, and Library, Clifton, Bristol. Steel engraving by W. Wallis after himself, 1836.
  • Six vignettes of self-help hydrotherapy. Etching by G. Cruikshank.