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  • Quarta impressio ornatissima: continens omnes Galeni libros alias impressos ... Emittensque alios ejusdem libros nunquam cum aliis impressos / [Galen].
  • Quarta impressio ornatissima: continens omnes Galeni libros alias impressos ... Emittensque alios ejusdem libros nunquam cum aliis impressos / [Galen].
  • A man diagnosing from a woman's urine with the aid of a book by Galen. Oil painting.
  • Jan Lutma the elder, designated as Galen. Mezzotint by J. Faber the elder, 17--, after J. Lutma the younger.
  • Galen, standing in a glade, looks at a human skeleton on the ground. Engraving by H.F. Rose, 1820.
  • Ancient herbalists and scholars of medicinal lore (Galen, Pliny, Hippocrates etc.); and Venus and Adonis in the gardens of Adonis. Woodcut, 1532.
  • Ancient herbalists and scholars of medicinal lore (Galen, Pliny, Hippocrates etc.); and Venus and Adonis in the gardens of Adonis. Woodcut, 1532.
  • Ancient herbalists and scholars of medicinal lore (Galen, Pliny, Hippocrates etc.); and Venus and Adonis in the gardens of Adonis. Woodcut, 1532.
  • Ancient herbalists and scholars of medicinal lore (Galen, Pliny, Hippocrates etc.); and Venus and Adonis in the gardens of Adonis. Woodcut, 1532.
  • The Tetragrammaton and orders of heaven surmounting portraits of famous medical philosophers (Aesculapius, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna etc.) and John Woodall. Engraving by G. Glover, 1639.
  • Certaine workes of Galens, called Methodus medendi, with a briefe declaration of the worthie art of medicine, the office of a chirurgion, and an epitome of the third booke of Galen, of naturall faculties / all translated into English, by Thomas Gale.
  • Claudii Galeni ...Liber de plenitudine. Polybus De salubre victus ratione privatorum. Guinterio Ioanne Andernaco interprete. Apuleius Platonicus De herbarum virtutibus. Antonii Benivenii Libellus de abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum et sanationum causis / [Galen].
  • Jean de Renou: his portrait, and the subjects of his book on pharmacy; centre, Galen and Hippocrates holding a lion skin; below, Richard Tomlinson. Engraving by T. Cross, 1657.
  • John Abernethy: certificate showing a skeleton and an écorché figure holding aloft a vignette of Galen finding a human skeleton. Sugar-ground etching by J. G. Strutt, before 1821.
  • John Abernethy: certificate showing a skeleton and an écorché figure holding aloft a vignette of Galen finding a human skeleton. Sugar-ground etching by J. G. Strutt, before 1821.
  • The anatomist Felix Platter, seated at a table covered with surgical instruments in a room with two other men, below which are the figures of Hippocrates and Galen. Engraving, 1656.
  • An allegorical figure holding torches seated on a baroque monument; the symbols of the four evangelists above her, and Saint Thomas Aquinas and Galen at her side. Engraving by Jacob Bruynel after A. van Diepenbeeck, 1666.
  • The aphorismes of Hippocrates, prince of physicians : with an exact table shewing the substance of every aphorism, and a short comment on each one, taken out of those larger notes of Galen, Heurnius, Fuchsius, &c / [Hippocrates].
  • Above, a man studying the entrails of a cadaver as the microcosm, with the macrocosm behind; below, Hippocrates, holding the staff of Aesculapius, and Galen; bottom, instruments for anatomy and surgery. Engraving by A. Santvoort, ca. 1650.
  • The treasuri of helth : contaynynge many profytable medicines / gathered out of Hipocratz, Galen & Avicen by one Petrus Hyspanus & translated into Englysh by Humfre Lloyd ... W[yth] the Aphorismes of Hipocrates, and Jacobus de Partybus ... wyth an Epistle of Diocles unto Kyng Antigonus.
  • Primula veris L. Primulaceae. Cowslip, Herba paralysis Distribution: W. Asia, Europe. Fuchs ((1542) quotes Dioscorides Pliny and Galen, with numerous uses, from bruises, toothache, as a hair dye, for oedema, inflamed eye, and mixed with honey, wine or vinegar for ulcer and wounds, for scorpion bites, and pain in the sides and chest, and more. Lobel (1576) calls them Primula veriflorae, Phlomides, Primula veris, Verbascula. Like other herbals of the 16th and 17th century, the woodcuts leave one in no doubt that Primula veris was being written about. However, other translators of Dioscorides (Gunther, 1959 with Goodyear's 1655 translation
  • Valeriana officinalis L. Valerianaceae Valerianus, Phu, Nardus sylvestris, Setwal. Distribution: Europe. Popular herbalism attributes sedation to Valerian, but this is not mentioned by Coles (1657) or Gerard (1633) or Lobel (1576) or Lyte (1578) or Dioscorides (ex Gunther, 1959) or Fuchs (1553), where he quotes Pliny, Dioscorides and Galen, or Parkinson (1640), or Pomet (1712). The English translation of Tournefort (1719-1730) covers a whole page of the uses of all the different valerians, but never mentions sedation or treating anxiety. Quincy (1718) does not mention it. Because it was used in epilepsy, for which Woodville (1792) says it was useless, Haller, in his Historia stirpium indegenarum Helvetae inchoatae (1768) advocates it for those with irritability of the nervous system, as does Thomson's London Dispensatory (1811) although he lists it as an 'antispasmodic and stimulant' and for inducing menstruation. Lindley (1838) notes (as many did) that the roots smell terrible and that this makes cats excited, and in man, in large doses, induce 'scintillations, agitation and even convulsions' so used in asthenic fever, epilepsy, chorea, hysteria and as an antihelminthic.' Fluckiger & Hanbury (1879) give a wonderful account of the history of its names, but give its use as 'stimulant and antispasmodic' as do Barton & Castle (1877). but by 1936 (Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia) its only use was 'Given in hysterical and neurotic conditions as a sedative. Its action has been attributed to its unpleasant smell'. The European Medicines Agency (2006) approves its use as a traditional herbal medicine for mild anxiety and sleeplessness for up to 4 weeks. Despite what is written continuously about its use in ancient Greece and Rome, the only reason for its use has been because it was thought, for a brief while, to be good for epilepsy and therefore might deal with persons of a nervous disposition because of its foul smell. It has been suggested that even its Greek name, 'Phu' came from the expression of disgust which is made when one sniffs an unpleasant odour. For 1,800 years, before the last century, no-one had thought it sedative. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
  • Primula veris L. Primulaceae Cowslip, Herba paralysis Distribution: W. Asia, Europe. Fuchs ((1542) quotes Dioscorides Pliny and Galen, with numerous uses, from bruises, toothache, as a hair dye, for oedema, inflamed eye, and mixed with honey, wine or vinegar for ulcer and wounds, for scorpion bites, and pain in the sides and chest, and more. Lobel (1576) calls them Primula veriflorae, Phlomides, Primula veris, Verbascula. Lyte (1578) calls them Cowslippe, Petie mulleyn, Verbasculum odoratum, Primula veris, Herbae paralysis and Artheticae. Along with cowslips and oxeslips, he says they are 'used dayly among other pot herbes, but in Physicke there is no great account of them. They are good for the head and synewes ...'. Like other herbals of the 16th and 17th century, the woodcuts leave one in no doubt that Primula veris was being written about. However, other translators of Dioscorides (Gunther, 1959 with Goodyear's 1655 translation
  • Cynara cardunculus L. Asteraceae. Cardoon, Globe Artichoke, Artechokes, Scolymos cinara, Cynara, Cinara. Distribution: Southern Europe and North Africa. Lyte (1576) writes that Dodoens (1552) could find no medical use for them and Galen (c.200 AD) said they were indigestible unless cooked. However, he relates that other authors recommend that if the flower heads are soaked in strong wine, they 'provoke urine and stir up lust in the body.' More prosaically, the roots boiled in wine and drunk it cause the urine to be 'stinking' and so cures smelly armpits. He adds that it strengthens the stomach so causing women to conceive Male children. He goes on to say that the young shoots boiled in broth also stir up lust in men and women, and more besides. Lyte (1576) was translating, I think with elaborations, from the chapter on Scolymos cinara, Artichaut, in Dodoen's Croydeboeck (1552) as L'Ecluse's French translation, Dodoens Histoire des Plantes (1575) does not mention these latter uses, but Dodoen's own Latin translation, the Pemptades (1583), and Gerard's Herbal (1633) both do so. It is useful in understanding the history of these translations to realise that Gerard uses, almost verbatim, the translation of the 'smelly armpit' paragraph from Lyte. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
  • Cynara cardunculus L. Asteraceae. Cardoon, Globe Artichoke, Artechokes, Scolymos cinara, Cynara, Cinara. Distribution: Southern Europe and North Africa. Lyte (1576) writes that Dodoens (1552) could find no medical use for them and Galen (c.200 AD) said they were indigestible unless cooked. However he relates that other authors recommend that if the flower heads are soaked in strong wine, they 'provoke urine and stir up lust in the body.' More prosaically, the roots boiled in wine and drunk it cause the urine to be 'stinking' and so cures smelly armpits. He adds that it strengthens the stomach so causing women to conceive Male children. He goes on to say that the young shoots boiled in broth also stir up lust in men and women, and more besides. Lyte (1576) was translating, I think with elaborations, from the chapter on Scolymos cinara, Artichaut, in Dodoen's Croydeboeck (1552) as L'Ecluse's French translation (1575) does not mention these latter uses, but Dodoen's own Latin translation, the Pemptades(1583), and Gerard's (1633) both do so. It is useful in understanding the history of these translations to realise that Gerard uses, almost verbatim, the translation of the 'smelly armpit' paragraph from Lyte. Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
  • The complete herbal, to which is now added, upwards of one hundred additional herbs, with a display of their medicinal and occult qualities; physically applied to the cure of all disorders incident to mankind, To which is now annexed, the English physician enlarged, and Key to [Galen's Method of] physic ... to which is also added, upwards of fifty choice receipts selected form the author's Last legacy / [Nicholas Culpeper].
  • Thomas Gale. Woodcut, 1563.
  • In libros Galeni e greca in latinam linguam a se translatos prefatio communis. Ejusdem in Artem medicinalem Galeni ... prefatio. Galeni Ars medicinalis / Nicolao Leoniceno interprete. ... Ejusdem ad Franciscum Castellum ... in opus de tribus doctrinis ordinatis secundum Galeni sententiam prefatio. Ejusdem de tribus doctrinis ordinatis secundum Galeni sententiam opus. Galeni de differentiis febrium libri duo. Interprete Laurentio Laurentiano Florentino.
  • In libros Galeni e greca in latinam linguam a se translatos prefatio communis. Ejusdem in Artem medicinalem Galeni ... prefatio. Galeni Ars medicinalis / Nicolao Leoniceno interprete. ... Ejusdem ad Franciscum Castellum ... in opus de tribus doctrinis ordinatis secundum Galeni sententiam prefatio. Ejusdem de tribus doctrinis ordinatis secundum Galeni sententiam opus. Galeni de differentiis febrium libri duo. Interprete Laurentio Laurentiano Florentino.
  • In libros Galeni e greca in latinam linguam a se translatos prefatio communis. Ejusdem in Artem medicinalem Galeni ... prefatio. Galeni Ars medicinalis / Nicolao Leoniceno interprete. ... Ejusdem ad Franciscum Castellum ... in opus de tribus doctrinis ordinatis secundum Galeni sententiam prefatio. Ejusdem de tribus doctrinis ordinatis secundum Galeni sententiam opus. Galeni de differentiis febrium libri duo. Interprete Laurentio Laurentiano Florentino.