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  • Chromosomes
  • Chromosomes
  • Chromosomes at metaphase
  • Chromosomes and spindle at metaphase
  • Meiotic spindle and chromosomes
  • Human chromosomes in telophase. The chromosomes have separated and decondensed, and the new nuclear envelope forms.
  • Human chromosomes during cell division
  • Human chromosomes, histones and kinetochores
  • Human chromosomes and spindle at anaphase
  • Human chromosomes and spindle at anaphase
  • Human chromosomes and spindle at metaphase
  • Human chromosomes and spindle at metaphase
  • Human chromosomes in a cancer cell
  • Mitotic cell showing chromosomes - TEM
  • Human chromosomes at three stages of mitosis
  • Human chromosomes in metaphase. The chromosomes are all aligned and at this stage they are attached to the spindle (not visible in this image).
  • Illustration of the human chromosomes sequenced in the UK
  • Human chromosomes in late anaphase. At this stage the chromosomes have started to separate from each other and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
  • Human chromosomes in early anaphase. At this stage the chromosomes have started to separate from each other and move towardds opposite poles of the cell.
  • Nucleus in prometaphase. The chromosomes are stained green. The chromatin has condensed but there is not yet complete attachment of the chromosomes to the spindle (not visible in the image).
  • Human chromosomes in early anaphase. At this stage the chromosomes have started to separate from each other and move towards opposite poles of the cell. The chromatin appears grey and the kinetochores are pink.
  • Human cells showing the stages of cell division starting with interphase second from the left on the top. Progressing anticlockwise the stages shown are: early prophase (centrosome not yet separated), late prophase (centrosome separated and DNA condensation), prometaphase (incomplete chromosome attachment), metaphase (chromosomes all attached and aligned), anaphase (chromosome separation), telophase (formation of midbody and cells begin to flatten), early cytokinesis (chromosomes decondensed and nuclear envelope reformed) and late cytokinesis (cells move apart).
  • Human chromosomes in metaphase. The chromatin is stained red and the "glue" that holds the two chromatids together is highlighted in yellow. This glue is a proteinaceous complex called cohesin. Once all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle, the cohesin complex breaks down, allowing the two chromatids to separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Human karyotype showing translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21, t(14;21). This is a balanced translocation - the cell retains a normal complement of genetic information.
  • Human cells showing the stages of cell division starting with interphase at the top. Progressing down, the stages shown are: prophase, metaphase (chromosomes all attached and aligned), anaphase (chromosome separation)and telophase (formation of midbody and cells begin to flatten).
  • HeLa cell in prometaphase. The chromatin is stained red and the microtubules forming the spindle stained green. The chromatin has condensed but there is not yet complete attachment of the chromosomes to the spindle.
  • Pericentric chromosome inversion
  • Paracentric chromosome inversion
  • Genetics frame of reference - the size of various genetic components, including DNA, a base pair, various sizes of deletions, chromosomes and genes are listed and compared with more familiar objects such as the Solar System, planets, cities, hospitals, wards, and so on.
  • Inversion in X chromosome