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Backstroke to the future

Now seen as one of the most popular forms of exercise, the health-giving properties of swimming have not always been recognised. This gallery enters the murky depths of 16th-century rivers, breathes the bracing air of the Regency seaside and dives into a modernist swimming pool to chart the course from water as site of danger to a space of health.   

By Ross MacFarlane

  • Image gallery
Line engraving of a man swimming in a body of water with trees on the shore below and a windmill on the shore above.
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/k9um8ucs.
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De Arte Natandi (‘The Art of Swimming’), was the first treatise on the topic published in Britain. Written in an age when many people could not swim and drowning was a regular cause of death, it features advice on different swimming techniques, detailed information on how to enter the water safely and advice on what kinds of water were safest to swim in.

Watercolour image of a group of people grouped around the bed where a man sits naked from the waist up. In front of the bed are various tools used to attempt to resuscitate him and the rescuer's cast off hat and cane.
A man recuperating in bed at a receiving-house of the Royal Humane Society, after resuscitation by W. Hawes and J.C. Lettsom from near drowning., Robert Smirke. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY.
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In this idealised image, the figure holding the recovering patient has been identified as Dr William Hawes. Hawes claimed that as a child he regularly saw dead bodies being retrieved from the New River in London, which sparked his interest in the resuscitation of the apparently drowned. Co-founded by Hawes in 1774 to aid resuscitation of the near drowned, The Royal Humane Society still exists today.

Coloured line engraving of a woman swimming in the waves of the sea whilst behind people stand on the beach and cliffs.
- Margate, Kent: a woman swimming in the sea; in the background people are looking out to sea from cliffs and a beach, Thomas Rowlandson. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY.
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The late 18th century saw a growing advocacy of the health giving properties of the seaside – and of sea bathing. This print by Thomas Rowlandson is one of a number of works he produced which reference not just the growing practice of sea-bathing but the voyeuristic nature of depicting such a scene (one was titled ‘Summer amusement at Margate, or a peep at the mermaids’).

Black and white engraving of the inside of a swimming bath featuring a bridge and people diving, swimming, and standing or paddling at the edge. Some of the spectators are wearing top hats.
The floating swimming-bath in the Thames at Charing-Cross, H.J. Crane. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY.
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Opened in July 1875, this piece of imaginative Victorian engineering drew its water from the Thames, filtering out the mud to make it safe for swimming. Its creators even added machinery in 1876 to freeze the river water and create an ice-skating rink for the winter. The floating baths lasted until 1885 when the structure was purchased by the South Eastern Railway Company and scrapped.

Colour print of Captain Matthew Web - shown with arms crossed across his bare chest in the foreground, and behind swimming.
Captain Matthew Webb, Swam From Dover, England to Calais, France, from World's Champions, Second Series (N43) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes, Allen & Ginter. Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art. CC0.
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On 21 August 1875, Captain Matthew Webb dived off the Admiralty Pier in Dover.  Nearly 22 hours later he landed near Calais, the first person to have swum the English Channel unaided. Considered the epitome of Victorian manliness and bravery, Webb took on a range of extreme swimming feats, and even published a book called The Art of Swimming – the same title as Digby’s 16th-century text. In 1883 Webb died attempting to swim across the Whirlwind Rapids at Niagara Falls

Black and white photograph of four young women wearing swimming costumes with Union Jacks posing with an older woman, perhaps their coach who is wearing an ankle-length dress with lace collar.
The victorious British 400 metres women's relay swimming team at the Stockholm Olympic Games, Granbergs Konstindustri-Aktibolags Förlag. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY.
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Although competitive swimming had been part of the modern Olympic Games since their inception in 1896, the 1912 Games was the first to feature events for women – the individual 100 metres and the 400 metres relay. The introduction was not uniformly welcomed: only three teams entered the relay and prior to the games both the French and American delegations opposed swimming being introduced to the Games for women.

Colour photograph of families in the pool at the Peckham Pioneer Health Centre, showing a child jumping in, a woman and girls wearing rubber swimming hats, and a child with an inflatable ring. In the background is a window through which people are sitting watching the swimmers.
Slides of activities at Peckham, SA/PHC/H.1/33. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY.
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Aiming to uncover the factors that resulted in positive health, the Pioneer Health Centre was a family health and social centre located in Peckham in London.  At the centre of the building was the swimming pool – the second largest in London at the time.  This image captures the element of free play – and its observation - that the Centre’s founders advocated.

Black and white still from a film showing a man diving from a grassy area into a pond.
Where there's life there's soap, Bermondsey Borough Council. Source: Wellcome Collection. CC BY-NC-ND.
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Digby’s De Arte Natandi showed the dangers of rivers and water courses but contemporary Britain has seen a revival in the seeking out of remote rivers, lochs and waterfalls for purposes of ‘wild swimming’. Popularised by the writer Roger Deakin, wild swimmers seek out secluded locations to swim in the countryside.

About the author

Photograph of Ross MacFarlane

Ross MacFarlane

Ross MacFarlane is a Research Development Specialist at Wellcome Collection. He has researched, written, and lectured on the Collection and other topics at the intersection of death, folklore, and medicine.