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"The trades of Sheffield. 'The trades of Sheffield as influencing life and health, more particularly file-cutters and grinders' was the title of a paper read by Dr. John Charles Hall, the senior physician to the Sheffield Public Hospital, before the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science during its recent visit to Sheffield. The important facts set forth by the writer have greatly interested all classes, and it is to be hoped that the result of Dr. Hall's labours will be the early interference by the Legislature to prevent a state of things which at present undoubtedly hurry many of the industrious artisans in those trades to a premature grave. We have sent our artist specially to Sheffield to illustrate some of the more important processes of the Sheffield trades described in Dr. Hall's paper, and we are happy to have the Doctor's authority for saying that "they most accurarately exhibit the several processes of wet and dry grinding and file-cutting." Two only of the Illustrations are given in the present number, and they refer to the comparatively healthy employments of saw-grinding and scythe-grinding, as practised in the neighbourhood of Sheffield. Upon this subject we will quote Dr. Hall. He observes that "men who work in the country, as a rule, are more healthy than those who grind at the wheels in the town, and as a body they are more temperate. One of the most healthy branches is saw-grinding. Many saws are ground at the water-wheels on the picturesque streams around Sheffield; and, as a rule, the men have not to work so many hours a day as at some of the other branches. Again, the trade is too heavy to admit of boys coming into it at a very early age. No boy is recognised by the Saw Grinders' Union under the age of fourteen. The men stand at their work, and consequently the lungs are not so compressed as when the grinder, sitting on his horsing, bends forward for many hours each day in other branches of the trade about to be described. Scythe-grinding is also a healthy branch of the trade."In contrast with these examples, we shall present hereafter a few instances of the less favourable kinds of work in the Sheffield steel manufactures, with the accompanying extracts from Dr. Hall's descriptive commentary on their peculiar sanitary evils."—Illustrated London news, loc. cit.

1 print : wood engraving ; image 22.5 x 32.5 cm

Men grinding scythes in Sheffield. Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1866, after J. Palmer, 1865.

The Chalk-walk is a connecting tunnel between the two Wren blocks of the Hospital, subsequently (1996) in use as the Officers' Mess of the Royal Naval College

1 print : wood engraving ; image 17.1 x 23.9 cm

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: Pensioners smoking in the "Chalk walk". Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1865.

1 print : wood engraving ; image 16 x 24.2 cm

A woman in Japan being carried in a litter through the mountains by two men. Wood engraving, 1865.

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: Pensioners filing past the serving tables in the west kitchen, vats and ranges against the walls. Wood engraving by M. Jackson.

1 print : wood engraving ; image 15.5 x 22.5 cm

Men grinding saws in Sheffield. Wood engraving by M. Jackson after J. Palmer, 1866.

1 print : wood engraving ; sheet 17.2 x 23.5 cm

The city fire at Enschede on 7 May 1862: people are gathered on a bridge and on the bank of a river, soldiers on horse-back are directing them, and they are being given help. Wood engraving by M. Jackson.

2 prints : wood engravings ; image 15 x 11.2 cm (each)

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: left, Pensioners filing into the entrance to the west Dining Hall, right, beating the tattoo at sunset. Wood engravings by M. Jackson, 1865.

"The introduction of quinine-yielding cinchona-trees (Peruvian bark) into India, where that inestimable febrifuge is almost a necessary of life, has for some years engaged the attention of the Government. In 1899 Mr. Clements Markham, of the India Office, was intrusted by Lord Stanley, then Secretary of State for India, with the duty of superintending all the necessary arrangements for the collection of cinchona plants and seeds in South America, and for their introduction into India. This precious tree has never been cultivated in South America, but grows wild in the forests; and there are several species, all more or less valuable, but growing in different parts of the eastern slopes of the cordillera of the Andes, over a distance of 1740 miles. Mr. Markham resolved to obtain plants and seeds of all the valuable species. He himself penetrated into the forests of Caravaya, in Southern Peru, which had never before been trodden by any European; while he employed Mr. Spruce, a wellknown botanist, to perform the same service in Ecuador, Mr. Cross, in the forests of Loxa, and a Mr. Pritchett in the forests of Northern Peru. After facing many dangers and enduring great hardships these explorers succeeded in their object; and by March, 1862, all the valuable species of quinine-yielding cinchona plants were growing in the Government gardens on the Neilgherry Hills, in Southern India. The supply of bark from South America was every year becoming more and more precarious, owing to improvident and reckless felling of the trees. The introduction of the cinchona-trees into India had, therefore, become a matter of the greatest importance. Not only India, but the whole civilised world, will derive incalculable benefit from this undertaking, and it is impossible to overrate the advantages which may hereafter be derived from it. Quinine, from its high price, is now entirely beyond the reach of the millions who inhabit the fever-haunted districts at the roots of the mountains of India. Before long it is hoped that they may have this unfailing remedy growing at their very doors, and be able to approach the beautiful healing trees with deep feelings of gratitude for a supply of the green bark, a cure for maladies which were before incurable. To the English in India the introduction of the cinchona cultivation is of the greatest importance. Since quinine has been extensively used among the troops there has been a steady diminution of mortality, and whereas, in 1830, the average percentage of deaths to cases of fever treated was 3:66, in 1856 it was only 1 per cent, in a body of 18,000 men, scattered from Peshawur to Pegu. By the cultivation of cinchona-trees in India the supply of quinine will become more abundant and cheaper, an immense benefit will accrue, not only to India, but to the world at large, and another valuable product will swell the commerce of our great Eastern dependency. But the conveyance of cinchona plants and seeds to the shores of India would have been of little use if they had not been delivered into competent hands on arriving at their destination; and to the scientific and practical knowledge, the unwearied zeal, and skilful management of Mr. M'Ivor, the Superintendent of the Government gardens on the Neilgherry Hills, is therefore due the successful introduction of cinchona cultivation into India. In June, 1861, Mr. M'Ivor had only 2114 cinchona plants in the glass houses at the Government gardens ; but, thanks to his unrivalled skill in propagating, by the latest accounts (October, 1862) he had increased the stock to 80,456 plants; of which 22,000 were already permanently planted out in plantations in the open air. Mr. M'Ivor, in conjunction with Mr. Markham, who went to India for the purpose, selected suitable sites for cinchona plantations on the slopes of the Neilgherry Hills, and there will soon be about 700 acres covered with cinchona-trees. The Government has already sanctioned the sale of 20,000 plants to private individuals, coffee-planters, and others, at four annas (6d.) each; and it is hoped that it will not be long before the cultivation has spread over all the hill districts of India where there is a suitable elevation and climate. … Sir William Denison, the present Governor of Madras, has from the first taken a deep interest in this important undertaking. Our engraving represents his Excellency in the act of planting the first plant in one of the new cinchona plantations, accompanied by his personal staff, and by Mr. Sims, the Chief Secretary to the Madras Government; Mr. Patrick Grant, the Collector of Coimbatore; and Mr. M'Ivor, the Superintendent of Cinchona Plantations (in the foreground holding a spade). In the background is another thriving cinchona plantation, up the side of a mountain, surrounded by uncleared jungle, and to the right is a nursery of young cinchona plants. …"-- Illustrated London news, loc. cit.

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Men grinding scythes in Sheffield. Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1866, after J. Palmer, 1865.

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: Pensioners smoking in the "Chalk walk". Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1865.

A woman in Japan being carried in a litter through the mountains by two men. Wood engraving, 1865.

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: Pensioners filing past the serving tables in the west kitchen, vats and ranges against the walls. Wood engraving by M. Jackson.

Men grinding saws in Sheffield. Wood engraving by M. Jackson after J. Palmer, 1866.

The city fire at Enschede on 7 May 1862: people are gathered on a bridge and on the bank of a river, soldiers on horse-back are directing them, and they are being given help. Wood engraving by M. Jackson.

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: left, Pensioners filing into the entrance to the west Dining Hall, right, beating the tattoo at sunset. Wood engravings by M. Jackson, 1865.

Sir W. Denison and others planting the first quinine tree in the Neilgherry hills, India. Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1862.

The pictorial press : its origin and progress / by Mason Jackson.

Nicolaus Copernicus. Wood engraving by M. Jackson after I.G.

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Men grinding scythes in Sheffield. Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1866, after J. Palmer, 1865.

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: Pensioners smoking in the "Chalk walk". Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1865.

A woman in Japan being carried in a litter through the mountains by two men. Wood engraving, 1865.

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: Pensioners filing past the serving tables in the west kitchen, vats and ranges against the walls. Wood engraving by M. Jackson.

Men grinding saws in Sheffield. Wood engraving by M. Jackson after J. Palmer, 1866.

The city fire at Enschede on 7 May 1862: people are gathered on a bridge and on the bank of a river, soldiers on horse-back are directing them, and they are being given help. Wood engraving by M. Jackson.

Everyday life at Greenwich Hospital: left, Pensioners filing into the entrance to the west Dining Hall, right, beating the tattoo at sunset. Wood engravings by M. Jackson, 1865.

Sir W. Denison and others planting the first quinine tree in the Neilgherry hills, India. Wood engraving by M. Jackson, 1862.

The pictorial press : its origin and progress / by Mason Jackson.

Nicolaus Copernicus. Wood engraving by M. Jackson after I.G.

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