Against nature.

The second in a four-part series on the history of transplant surgery, setting out the controversies and ethical problems that arose from it, examining the personalities and rivalries involved in its development, and transplant surgeons' hopes for the next century. This part sets out the background of medical research leading to the first organ transplants, starting with Alexis Carel's turn-of-the-century experiments with animal transplants. The first human kidney transplant, 1950; the problem of rejection; the work of Rene Kuss (Paris), Peter Medawar (London) and Sir Roy Calne (Cambridge); use of radiation and then chemotherapy to overcome rejection; first attempts at heart transplants; work of Norman Shumway and Adrian Kantrowitz (U.S.); Dr. Christiaan Barnard carries out the first successful heart transplant.