In early modern Europe, affluent men and women received treatment at home, while hospitals and offices of barber surgeons were reserved for less wealthy patients. Alluence came with the privilege of concealing one's illness and suffering, which explains why images of upper-class patients are rare. Paintings such as this one portray a group of curious onlookers, their relationship to the patient is unknown and their presence transforms treatment into performance. Because of the focus on the lower classes and exaggeration of their facial expressions, such imagery has often been associated with social satire, akin to depictions of unscrupulous quacks tricking naive persons into suspicious treatments. Rombout's painting appears to focus on the visual representation of pain in a secular context. (Source: Barbara Kaminska and Jess Bailey, Historians of Netherlandish Art Conference workshop, 2024)