Practical aids to the study of natural history, botany, geology, mineralogy, and technology : adapted for the use of schools / by Carl Arendts ; translated and edited from the German by G.L.M. Strauss.

  • Arendts, Carl.
Date:
1861
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Practical aids to the study of natural history, botany, geology, mineralogy, and technology : adapted for the use of schools / by Carl Arendts ; translated and edited from the German by G.L.M. Strauss. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    Vertebra seen from the Surface of the Articulation. pressed grinders; whilst cattle, feeding on grain and herbage, have broad grinders, with surfaces adapted for the mastication of vegetable food, etc. 2. The trunk, which means the body of the animal, is separated from the head and the extremities (see fig. 1). The most important part of the trunk is the vertebral column, or spine; this is composed of a number of small irregular bones, called vertebra?, or vertebral bones (see fig. 4). Each vertebra is composed of a lamelliform body in front, and processes behind and on each side of it; the lateral processes are called the transverse processes; the posterior process is called the spinous process. In man, the vertebral column is composed of seven cervical, twelve dorsal, and five lum- bar vertebrae, and of the os sacrum and os coccygis, or rump-bone. The os sacrum and the rump-bone are com- posed, the former of five, the latter of four, false vertebra?, firmly grown together. To the trunk belong also the bones of the chest; viz., the breast- bone, or sternum, and the ribs. To the twelve dorsal vertebras are affixed as many ribs on each side, which arch over forwards; the seven uppermost ribs on each side, which are called true or tho- racic ribs, extend to the sternum, and are connected to it by means of cartilage, or gristle ; the five inferior ribs on each side, which are called false or abdominal ribs, do not reach the breast-bone. In this way the ribs form, with the sternum and the dorsal vertebra?, the cavity of the thorax, or chest (see fig. 5). 3. The extremities, or limbs, are divided into the upper and lower extremities. Each of the two upper extremities is composed of the bones of the shoulder, arm, fore- arm, and hand (see fig. 1, and figs. 6 and 7). a. The shoulder consists of the scapula, or shoulder-blade, a flat, FIG. 5.— Thorax of Man. a. Spine. 6. First rib. c. Collar-bone, d. Third rib. e. Seventh rib. /. False ribs. g. Spine, h. Breast- oulder-I bone. i. Shou •-blade, or Scapula.