A manual of artistic anatomy for the use of students in art : being a description of the bones and muscles that influence the external form of man / by John C.L. Sparkes.

  • Sparkes, John C. L. (John Charles Lewis)
Date:
[1900]
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: A manual of artistic anatomy for the use of students in art : being a description of the bones and muscles that influence the external form of man / by John C.L. Sparkes. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    20/200 (page 6)
    o They and the transverse processes also serve as the attachments of the muscles which extend the spine and keep it erect on the body. There are particular modifications of these characters in each section of the column, as for instance : In the Vertebrae of the Loins the jy y jy perpendicular depth of the body is short, the intervertebral substance thicker than in other parts of the spine, and the processes stand off distinct and clear, providing for a free motion in the loins. The spinous process is short and strong, and runs horizontally backwards from the arch; it is flattened from side to side, and is terminated by a roughness or knob for the attachment of strong muscles. The transverse processes are longer and finer than in the other vertebrae; they stand out later- ally and horizontally, and give origin to strong muscles. The articular processes stand directly up and down; they are tuberculated and strong, in common with the general character of these bones. The Vertebrae of the Back are IV. V. ii. from those of the loins. The bodies are smaller and deeper, proportionally to those of the loins, and the intervertebral substance is thin, for there is little motion here. The spinous processes are long and aquiline, broad at their base and smaller at the other end ; they are bent down on one another, and lap over one another like scales in armour, the one above nearly touching the one below, by which arrange- ment the motion of the back is much abridged ; and the further to secure the column, a groove on the under surface of the spinous process receives the upper edge of the one below it. v .. The Transverse Processes are short and knobby; they stand ob- liquely backward, and are restricted in their move- ments by the ribs, which not only lodge against the bodies of these vertebra, but also are firmly attached by ligaments and by a regular joint to the transverse process of each vertebra. A mark by which these vertebra may be known is a double depression, above and below, at the lateral edge of the body, where the head of the rib is attached, its further attachment being the transverse process. At their extremities a tubercle, for the attachment of muscles, is seen. The first vertebra of the back has the whole head of a rib impressed in its side; the last vertebra also has the same mark, but it has on articulating surface on its transverse process. The articular processes are short, and form a part of the transverse; these surfaces are more oblique, smoother and simpler than those of the loins. The Vertebrae of the Neck depart iv.—iva. still farther from the form of those of ’• the loins. The body is small; in the uppermost there is no body, as it is attached to that of the next below it. There is no cupping to allow of the intervertebral substance being deeper in the middle, as with the others; the articulating processes are oblique, and more or less in the plane of the body. The spinous processes are short, and project directly backward ; they are split, and have small tubercles on their double extremities, for the attachment of muscles. This bifurcation of the cervical vertebra is not absolutely peculiar, for sometimes others of the back are so, and it is only in the middle of the neck that they are forked; for the first vertebra is a ring, and the spinous process of the last is not bifurcated, so that it resembles those of the back. It is long and aquiline, and is so much larger than the others, as to be distin- guished by the name of Vertebra Prominens. The transverse processes are grooved and bifur- cated, and each is perforated by a hole for the transmission of the vertebral aHery, which is thus protected by a bony canal. The first and last are sometimes not thus pierced. The two vertebra which require IV.—V. v. vi. special remark are the first, or Atlas ; and the second, called the Dentata, or Axis. The atlas carries the globe of the head, which is placed immediately upon it. It has no body, and has a tubercle instead of a spinous process ; its transverse process is long, perforated, but not forked. The inner surface of the front of the ring has a smooth flat surface, polished for the rolling round in it of the tooth-like process of the axis. On each side of this surface two small points are seen ; they give origin to a ligament, which divides the ring into two openings. One, the smaller, for lodging the tooth-like process, embraces it closely ; the other and larger opening is for the spinal marrow; the transverse ligament thus confines the tooth-like process. The articulating surfaces are two on each side, one pair looking up- jya. ii. wards, by which it is joined to the v- V1- occipital bone, the other looking downwards, by which it is joined to the second vertebra. The two upper articulating surfaces are oval and slightly hollow; they are also oblique, for the inner margin of each dips downwards, and the