Volume 2

The new complete dictionary of arts and sciences; or, an universal system of useful knowledge. The theological, philosophical, critical, and poetical branches / by the Rev. Erasmus Middleton ... the medicinal, chemical, and anatomical, by William Turnbull ... the gardening and botanical, by Thomas Ellis ... the mathematical, etc. by John Davison.

Date:
1778
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: The new complete dictionary of arts and sciences; or, an universal system of useful knowledge. The theological, philosophical, critical, and poetical branches / by the Rev. Erasmus Middleton ... the medicinal, chemical, and anatomical, by William Turnbull ... the gardening and botanical, by Thomas Ellis ... the mathematical, etc. by John Davison. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    wrote down, and demanded of the witnefles examined in a caufe, more efpecially in a court of chancery. INTERRUPTION denotes the fame thing with disjunction in proportion, and is noted thus (:.) fignjy fying the breaking of the ratio in the middle of four dif- crete proportionals ; as A : B :: C : D ; that is, as A to B, lo is C to D. Interruption, in rhetonck, when aperfonbreaks off his difcourfe fuddenly to fhcw lome paifion. INTERSECTION, in mathematicks, t^ie cutting of a line or plane by another, or the point or line wherein two lines or two planes cut each other. The woid is derived from the Latin inter, and feco, to cut. I be mutual interfeftion of two planes in a right line. The centre of a circle is in the interfeftion of two diameters, &c. The equinoxes happen, when the fun is in the in- terfeftions of the equator and ecliptick. INTER SPIN ALES Colli, in anatomy, fmall flelhy mufcles of the neck, arifing from the fuperior parts of each double fpinal procefs of the neck, except of the fe- cond vertebrae ; and inferted into the inferioi parts of all the double fpines. When thefe mufcles aft, they draw the fpines of the vertebra of the neck nearer each other. INTERSTELLAR, a word ufed by fome authors to exprefs thofe parts of the univerfe that are without and beyond our folar fyftem. INTERTIES, in architefture, thofe fmall pieces of timber that lie horizontally between the fommers, or between them and the fell, or refon. INTERTRANSVERSALES Colli', in anatomy, certain mufcles fituated among the tranfverfe apophyfes of the vertebra;: they arife from the lower vertebra, and are inferted into that next above : they are of the lame fize and figure with the interfpinales. INTERVAL, in mufick, the difference between two founds, in refpeft of acute and grave ; or, that imagi¬ nary fpace terminated by two founds, differing in acute- nefs or gravity. Intervals, in gardening and hufbandry, the Ipaces left between the feveral rows of plants fown or fet in gardens or fields. INTESTATE, in law, a perfon that dies without making a will; in which cafe, a difliibution of his per- fonal eftate, after his debts and funeral charges are paid, is to be made among the wife and children of the de- ceafed, or for want of fuch, among the next of kin. INTESTINES, in anatomy, long, cylindrical, hol¬ low, and membranaceous bodies; or rather, one fuch continued body or tube, reaching from the ftomach to the anus. The ftrufture and fubftance of the inteftines are membranaceous; being formed, in every part, of five coats or tunicks. The firll is the common coat, from the peritonaeum, and is membranaceous. The fecond is cellular, and is called by late writers, tunica cellulofa Ruylchii: it is contiguous with the mefentery, and is to be difeovered by inflating it; this coat, in fat animals, frequently contains abundance of fat. The third is muf- cular; it is compofed of a double feries of fibres, in part longitudinal, and in part annular; and thele affift the motion of the guts. The fourth coat is nervous: it is furnifhed with abundance of cellules, vafcules, and glands, and is thicker than the others: from this arife the rugae, and the valves of the inteftines. The fifth is the villofe coat, which fuftains the terminations of the excretory veffels, and the beginnings of the lafteals: hence, when nicely examined, it has the appearance of a fieve : it is the organ of percolation of the chyle. The inteftines have veffels in great abundance. Their arteries are from the meferaick ones: the upper meferaick ferv'ing for the fmaller inteftines, the lower for the larger; and thefe make a multitude of very lingular and furprifing anaftomofes. The veins are meferaicks, and go off to the vena portse and the liver. The nerves are tent from the intercoftals, and the par vagum. And befides thele, we are to obferve the lafteal veffels. See Lacteals. The reftum, it is to beobferved, receives blood-veffels alfo from the hypogaftricks. There are alio, befides the Brunnerian glands of the duodenum, other glands in the inteftines, called from the name of the perfon who dif¬ eovered them, glandules Peyeri. Thefe, in the fmall guts, are ufually little, congregate, and miliary; but fometimes they are fingle. They are larger as they are nearer to the duodenum, and fmaller as they approach towards the great guts. Their office is to diicharge into the inteftines a liquor, which ferves for the attenuation of the chyle, and for the lubricating of the inteftines. In the larger guts, and in the vermiform appendage, they are fingle and large, of a lenticular figure ; and they are largeft of all in the reftum. They have mouths, out of which there is fecreted a fluid, which ferves to lubri¬ cate the fides of the inteftines, and to foften the fasces, that they may be evacuated without pain. The ufe of the fmaller guts is to promote the forma¬ tion of the chyle, to perfeft its lecretions, and to propel the remaining fasces to the larger. The office of the larger guts is to receive and colleft the matter of the feces, at a proper time to expel it. See Chyle. INTESTINAL, fomething belonging to, or feated in the inteftines. INTRADA, Entry, in the Italian mufick, is much the fame with prelude or overture. INTRENCHMENT, or Retrenchment, in the art of war. See Retrenchment. INTRIGUE, or Intreague, an affemblage of events or circumftances, occurring in an affair, and per¬ plexing the perfons concerned in it. In this fenfe, it is ufed to fignify the nodus or plot of a play or romance; or that point wherein the principal charafters are riioft embarraffed, through the artifice and oppofition of certain perfons, or the unfortunate falling out of certain accidents and circumftances. In tragedy, or an epick poem, there are always two defigns; the firft and principal is that of the hero of the piece: the fecond contains the defigns of all thofe who oppofe him: thefe oppofite caufes produce oppofite ef¬ fects ; to wit, the efforts of the hero for the execution of his defign, and the efforts of thofe who thwart it. As thofe caufes and defigns are the beginning of the aftion, fo thefe efforts are the middle, and there form a knot or difficulty which we call the intrigue, that makes the greateft part of the poem. It lafts as long as the mind of the reader or hearer is fufpended about the event of thofe oppofite efforts: the folution or cataftrophe com¬ mences when the knot begins to unravel, and the diffi¬ culties and doubts begin to clear up. INTRIN SICK, a term applied to the inner, real, and genuine values, properties, &c. of any thing, in oppofi¬ tion to their extrinfick or apparent values, &c. INTRUSION, in law, obtains where an anceftor dies feifed of an eftate or inheritance, which is expeftant upon an eftate for life, and the tenant for life dies; after which a ftranger enters before the heir, in which cafe he is faid to intrude. INTUITION, among logicians, the aft: whereby the mind perceives the agreement or difagreement of two ideas, immediately by themfelves, without the interven¬ tion of any other ; in which cafe, the mind perceives the truth as the eye doth the light, only by being direfted towards it. INVALID, a perfon wounded, maimed, or difabled for aftion by age, &c. INVECTED, in heraldry, denotes a thing fluted or furrowed. INVECTIVE, in rhetorick, differs from reproof, as the latter proceeds from a friend, and is intended for the good of the perfon reproved ; whereas the inveftive is the work of an enemy, and entirely defigned to vex and give uneafinefs to the perfon againft whom it is direfted. INVENTION denotes the aft of finding any thing new, or even the thing thus found. Invention, in rhetorick, being one of the fecond divifions of invention, according to Bacon, fignifies the finding out and choofing of arguments, which the orator is to ufe for proving his point, or moving his hearers palfions. Invention, in poetry, is applied to whatever the poet adds to the hiftory of the fubjeft he has chofen, as well as to the new turn he gives it. Invention, in painting, is the choice which the painter makes of the objefts that are to enter the compe¬ tition of his piece. INVENTORY, in law7, a catalogue orderly made, of all the goods and chattels, of a perfon deceafed, ap- praifed by four or more credible men, which every exe¬ cutor or adminiftrator is obliged to exhibit to the ordi¬ nary at fuch time as he fhall appoint. Inven- *