Tables of physical and chemical constants and some mathematical functions / by G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby.

  • Kaye, G. W. C. (George William Clarkson), 1880-1941.
Date:
[1941]
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Tables of physical and chemical constants and some mathematical functions / by G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    90/200 (page 78)
    VELOCITY OF SOUND The velocity of sound (longitudinal waves) in a body, V = VE/p, E being the elasticity, and p the density. In gases and liquids E is the adiabatic volume elasticity; in isotropic solid rods or pipes E is Young’s Modulus. For gases V = V7P/p, P being the pressure, and 7 the ratio of the specific heat of the gas at constant pressure to that at constant volume. For values of 7, see p. 68. For moderate temperature variations, the velocity of sound in gases is given by V< = V0(i 4- \at) — V0 + 611 in cms. per sec. for dry air (a = ’00367). The velocity of sound decreases with decreasing intensity down to the normal value and increases in the supersonic region. In gases in tubes the velocity increases with the diameter up to a limiting value for free space (K. & S.). The values below are for free space. Barton’s “ Sound ” and Poynting and Thomson’s “ Sound ” may be consulted. [1 foot = 30*48 cms.] Substance. Temp. Velocity. Observer. Gases— cms./sec. Air (dry) .... 0° C. (3*3133) X io4 Calcd. (y = 1*401) M . 0 3*308 A. & L., 1921 M • • • • • 0 3*309 Esclangon, 1919 n . 0 3*3129 Hebb, 1905 »a . - 45-6 3*056 Greely, 1890 , , . - 182*4 1*815 Cook, 1906 n ..... 18 3*424 K. & S., 1933 n • • • • . 100 3'873 yy yy ,, (Krakatoa wave) — 3*21 1883 ,, Sound-waves from sparks 0 3*50-4*45 „ * Topler, 1908 Hydrogen .... 18 i3*oi K. & S., 1933 Oxygen. 0 3*i7 Stewart, 1931 yy * • • • • - 184*7 i*737 Cook, 1906 Nitrous oxide, N20 0 2*60 ,, Wullner, 1878 Ammonia, NH3 18 4*282 ,, K. & S., 1933 Carbon monoxide . 0 3*37 Stewart, 1931 yy yy • 1000 7*io S. & G., 1934 Carbon dioxide . 18 2*658 IC. & S., 1933 Coal-gas. 0 4*9-5*15 „ •— Sulphur dioxide. 18 2*162 ,, K. & S., 1933 Water-vapour (satd.) 110 4*13 Treitz, 1903 Liquids—• Water. 20 14*10 X IO4 Brillie, 1919 ,, (sea) 20 15*40 Wood, 1922 ,, (sea) Explosion waves 18 17*3-20*1 „ * Threlfall& Adair, 1889 Alcohol (abs.), C2H60 8*4 12*6 ,, Martini, 1888 Ether, (C2H6)20 0 n*4 y y Turpentine, C10H16 3*5 13*7 y y * The range of speeds is given by varying intensities. A. & L., Angerer and Ladenberg; K. & S., Kaye and Sherratt; S. & G., Sherratt and Griffiths. The values for metals are due to Wertheim, 1849 ; Masson, 1857 ; and Gerossa, 1888. Solid. Velocity cms./sec. Solid. Velocity cms./sec. Solid. Velocity cms./sec. Aluminium. . Cadmium . . Cobalt . . . Copper . , . Gold .... Iron (wrought) „ (cast). . Steel .... 5ro x io4 23*i „ 47*2 „ 397 j j 20’8 „ 4951 „ 43 >> 47-52 „ Lead.... Nickel . . . Platinum . . Silver . . . Tin .... Zinc .... Glass (soda) . » (flint) . 12*3 X IO4 497 ,, 26*8 „ 26-4 „ 24‘9 » 36*8 „ 5o-53 „ c. 40 » Brass . . . Deal (along grain) Fir Mahogany „ Oak „ Pine „ Indiarubber . c. 36*5 X IO4 49-50 „ 42-53 „ 41-46 „ 40-44 „ c- 33 „ •5-7 „