Licence: Public Domain Mark
Credit: On the muscles of the back / by Holmes Coote. Source: Wellcome Collection.
Provider: This material has been provided by The Royal College of Surgeons of England. The original may be consulted at The Royal College of Surgeons of England.
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![forwards in the one, and inwards and outwards in the other region, a layer of muscular and tendinous fibres passes from spine to spine, known as the spina- lis dorsi: it extends from the two or three upper lumbar spines, to the seven or eight lower dorsal spines. 1 need hardly observe that the recti capitis postici are interspinales which, continued upwards, are prolonged over the vaulted and expanded cranial spines, as occipito-frontalis and pyramidalis nasi. The blended sacral origin of the lon- gissimus dorsi and the sacro-lumbalis is called the erector spiuse. The former extends from the diapophyses of the sacrum as far as the mastoid process of the temporal bone, under the names of longissimus dorsi, transversalis colli, and tracbelo-mastoid. I would confine to this muscle the name of longissimus dorsi, and allow the two last terms to be forgotten; for it is impossible to dis- sect the superior portions as perfectly distinct muscles. Its tendinous inser- tions are numerous: a depending pro- cess from the tubercles or diapophyses of the four upper lumbar vertebrae receives as many short tendinous slips; stronger tendons are attached to each of the dorsal diapopbyses, and the cer- vical vertebrae receive tendons at the same points, which, however, are less clearly marked in man, from the early coalescence of the cervical rib, short, stunted, and hollowed to support the cervical nerves as they emerge from the intervertebral foramina. The mastoiil rocess receives the last slip, which we now under the name of tracbelo- mastoid. The outer layer is known by the three names of sacro-lumbalis, musculus accessorius, and cervicalis ascendens. The two last names I would not retain. The name sacro-lumbalis is inapj)ro- priate, as the muscle arises from the ilium and is inserted into the ribs. Let it, then, be named ilio-costalis Arising from the posterior fifth of the crest of the ilium, from a space corre- s])onding with the attachment of the gluteus maxiimis, (that great muscle which extends the pelvis to maintain man in the erect posture,) it is inserted into the four upper abdominal ribs, all the dorsid ribs near their angles, and into all the cervical as high as the third vertebra. A slij) is sometimes con- tinued to the axis. The interspinales then pass from spine to spine; the longissimus dorsi muscles from diapojdiysis to di apophy- sis ; the ilio-costales from rib to rib, along the whole length of the vertebral column. Under the preceding, and nearer the arches and laminae of the vertebrae, extends obliquely a group of muscular and tendinous fibres from the diapo- physes to the spines. These muscles are described under the names of semi- spinalis dorsi, semi-spiualis colU, multi- fidus spinae, rotatores spinae, and com- plexus. I would include them all under the name of obliqui spinae or rotatores spinae, as distinguished from the erec- tores spinae. There does not appear to me to be any sufficient reason why an attempt should be made to separate the semi-spinales muscles from the multifi- dus spinae, further than that the whole layer of oblique muscular and tendinous fibres admits of a more ready separation, by the aid of the knife, into a superficial and a deep set in those situations where the vertebrae move most readily one upon another, and where rotation is, consequently, most freely performed. The same remark applies to the so- called rotatores spinae, which are nothing more than the deepest oblique fibres passing from contiguous vertebrae. The complex us is in man sepai'ated at its insertion from the rest of this oblique group, in consequence of the gi'eat expansion of the occipital bone, which receives the posterior segments of the encephalon. It arises from the diapophyses of the four or five upper dorsal and four or five lower cervical vertebrae, and is inserted into the occi- pital spine between the superior and the inferior curved lines. Its origirr and insertion proclaim it a part of the oblique layer. The obliqui capitis sujrerior belongs to this group. The obliquus capitis iirferior is a special muscle oblique in the opposite clirection, namely, rtpwai'ds and outwards. The intei'transversales muscles exist only in the rreck and iir the lumbar region. They seem to me, from their attachments, to represent the intei-cos- tales, being intimately connected both with the scaleui and with the quadra- tus lurnborum, and being described as absent in the dor-sal region, their rela- tioirship with the doi-sul intercostal irruscles irot having been recogrrized. Itr recapitulation: The muscles of the](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b22424702_0006.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
