Gray's school and field book of botany : consisting of "Lessons in botany" and "Field, forest, and garden botany" / by Asa Gray.

  • Gray, Asa, 1810-1888.
Date:
1872
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Gray's school and field book of botany : consisting of "Lessons in botany" and "Field, forest, and garden botany" / by Asa Gray. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    in. 4.14. What the living parts of a tree are; their annual renewal. 435. Cambium-layer or zone of growth in the stem; connected with, 436. new root- lets below, and new shoots, buds, and leaves above. 437. Structure of a leaf: its two parts, the woody and the cellular, or, 438. the pulp ; this contains the green matter, or Chlorophyll. 439, 440. Arrangement of the cells of green pulp in the leaf, and structure of its epidermis or skin. 441. Upper side only endures the sunshine. 442. Evaporation or exhalation of moisture from the leaves. 443. Stomates or Breathing-pores, their structure and use. 444. Their numbers. LESSON XXVI. The Plant in Action, doing the Work of Vegetation p. 157. 446. The office of plants to produce food for animals. 447. Plants feed upon earth and air. 449. Their chemical composition. 450. Two sorts of material. 451,452. The earthy or inorganic constituents. 453. The organic constituents. 454. These form the Cellulose, or substance of vegetable tissue ; composition of cellulose. 455. The plant's food, from which this is made. 456. Water, furnishing hydrogen and oxygen. 458. Carbonic acid, furnishing, 457. Carbon. 459. The air, containing oxygen and nitrogen ; and also, 460. Carbonic acid; 461. which is absorbed bv the leaves, 462. and by the roots. 463. Water and carl ionic acid the general food of plants. 464. Assimilation the proper work of plants. 465. Takes place in green parts alone, under the light of the sun. 466-468. Liberates oxygen gas and produces Cellulose or plant-fabric. 469. Or else Starch ; its nature and use. 470. Or Sugar; its na- ture, &c. The transformations starch, sugar, &c. nudergo. 471. Oils, acids, &c. The formation of all these products restores oxygen gas to the air. 472. There- fore plants purify the air for animals. 473. While at the same time they pro- duce all the food and fabric of animals. The latter take all their food ready made from plants. 474. And decompose starch, sugar, oil, &c., giving back their ma- terials to the air again as the food of the plant; at the same time producing ani- mal heat. 475. But the fabric or flesh of animals (fibrine, gelatine, &e.) contains nitrogen. 476. This is derived from plants in the form of Proteinc. Its nature and how the plant forms it. 477. Earthy matters in the plant form the earthy part of bones, &c. 478. Dependence of animals upon plants ; showing the great object for which plants were created. LESSON XXVII. Plant-Life 1S6. 479. Life; manifested by its effects; viz. its power of transforming matter: 4sii. And by motion. 481,482. Plants execute movements as well as animals. 483. ( in ulation in cells. 484. Free movements of the simplest plants in their forming state. 485. Absorption and conveyance of the sap. 486. Its rise into the leaves. 48,, Explained by a mechanical law; Endosniosc. 488. Set in ac- tion by evaporation from the leaves. 489. These movements controlled by the piant, which directs growth and shapes the fabric liy an inherent power. 490 — 492. Special movements of a conspicuous sort; such as seen in the bending, twining, revolving, and coiling of stems and tendrils ; in the so-called sleeping and waking states of plants ; iu movements from iniutiou, and striking spon- taneous motions. ° 1