Volume 1
A dictionary of the Bible : dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical theology / edited by James Hastings ; with the co-operation of John A. Selbie.
- Date:
- 1909-10
Licence: Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Credit: A dictionary of the Bible : dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical theology / edited by James Hastings ; with the co-operation of John A. Selbie. Source: Wellcome Collection.
Provider: This material has been provided by Royal College of Physicians, London. The original may be consulted at Royal College of Physicians, London.
889/898 (page 861)
![like the sin-offerings, there was an element of atonement in it (2 Ch 30^^ 35 refer to tlie sprink- ling of the blood of the Passover); like the burnt- ofierings, it was whole—no bone of it was broken ; it was roast with fire—anything left was burnt with fire. In the two accounts of the Passover in Ex 12, several jjoints of importance are omitted in the first, e.g. the character of the lamb, and the manner in which it was to be eaten ; fresh points are added in the second, e.g. the hyssop, the basin, and that none were to leave their houses till the morning. On each of the seven days of the F. of Mazzoth, which followed tlie Passover, 2 young bullocks and 1 ram and 7 lambs of the first year were ofJered as burnt-ofierings, with their meal and drink-offerings, together with a goat for a sin- offering and the continual, i.e. daily burnt-offering (Nu 28i''-25 (p))_ On the second day of MazzutJi— Abib (Nisan) 16th—a sheaf of the new corn was offered as a wave-offering, together with a lamb of the first year for a burnt-offering (Lv 23 (H)). The first and last days of the feast—the 15th and 21st days of the month—were days of ' holy con- vocation,' in which no servile work might be done (Lv 23' (P)). There are few references to the Passover in OT (Nu 9 (P), Jos 5i<'^^2 (p)_ 2 Ch 30. 35, Ezr 6, 1 Eg 11. 6. 8. 9. 12. 17. 19. 20. 21. 22 7IO. 12)_ Jjj ]sfX See Mt 262.17.18.19 -^Yk 14^' Lk 2 22'- ^- Jn 213.23 1155 121 131 1828.39 igiT Acl2^ 1 Co b\ He IP*. Later Jewisli ordinances distinguish between the so-called ' Egyptian Passover,' that is, as it was enjoined for the first night of its celebra- tion, and the ' permanent Passover,' as it was to be observed by Israel after their possession of the land of promise (Edersheim, BiUe History, vol. ii.). On the later additions to the I'aschal ceremonial, e.g. the recitation of the history of redemption, the four cups, the Hallel (Ps 113-118), the Chagigdh, etc., see Edersheim, The Temple: its Ministry and Services at the Time of Jesus Christ, chs. xi. xii. ; and for the Feast of Unleavened Bread, see ch. xiii. of the same. (2) Tlie Feast of Pentecost.—(i.) niyn::' jn, ioprri ip5ofxi.5uiv, the Feast of Weeks (Ex 34^2 (JE), Dt 16); (ii.) I'Visn :ri, eoprTj depicr/xov, the Feast of Har- vest (Ex 23 (J)); (iii.) D'urzn nr, 17 i]ij.^pa tOv viwv, the Day of Firstfruits (Nu 282 (P); cf. Ex 222 (j) 23 (J) 34=8 (JE)). pifty days after the ofiering of the Paschal wave-sheaf, the Feast of Pentecost, or Weeks, or Harvest, was kept on or about the 8th of Sivan, the third month. It lasted a single day (Dt 16'-). The day was a day of 'holy convoca- tion' (Lv 23=1 (P)). The feast marked the com- fdetion of the corn harvest, and according to the ater Jews it commemorated the giving of the law (Eder.sheim, The Temple, etc., ch. xiii. p. 225). It closed the New Year holiday season. The sacri- fices were similar to those ofl'ered on the seven days of the F. of Mazzoth (Nu 28=- (P)). The char- acteristic ritual of this feast was the offering and waving of two leavened loaves of wheaten flour, together with a sin-ofi'ering, burnt-ofierings, and peace-offerings (Lv 23='* (H)). As a wave-sheaf was offered at Mazzoth, which marked tlie commence- ment of harvest, as the consecration of the first- fruits, so two wave-loaves were offered at Pentecost, which marked the completion of the corn harvest. The feast is not referred to in OT, but see 2 Mac 1232, Ac 2120, 1 Co 168 (cf, Edersheim, The Temple, pp. 225-231). (3) The Feast of Tabernacles.—nisDin in, iopri] aK-rfpQji', F. cf Tabernacles or Booths 23', Dt 16) ; F)'p!<n in, iopTT] o-wreXetas (Ex 2'^''), iopry] awaywyri^ (Ex 34=2), the F. of Ingathering. This feast was observed from the 15tli to the 22nd of Tisri (the seventh month), following closely upon the Fast on the 10th day of the month—the Day of Atonement. It marked the completion of the harvest of fruit, oil, and wine, and liistorically it commemorated the wanderings in the wilderness. It was the harvest-home at the close of the year, when people came ' from the villages and towns to the fruit gardens to live in booths, and enjoy a hajjpy autumn holiday' (Ex 23 (J) 34== (JE), Lv 233^-3«- 8'-'-^-i(PH), Nu 2912-^ (P), Dt 16- 31-). The sacrifices at this feast were far more numerous than at any other. On eacli of tlie seven days 1 kid of the goats was offered as a sin-offering, and 2 rams and 14 lambs as a burnt-offering. Also 70 bullocks were offered on the seven days, beginning with 13 on the first day and diminishing by one each day until on the 7th day 7 were offered (Nu 29'=^). After the seven days a solemn day of ' holy convocation' was observed (' the last day, that great day of the feast,' Jn 7^'), which marked the conclusion, not only of the Feast of Tabernacles, but of the whole cycle of the festal year. On tliis day 1 bullock, I ram, and 7 lambs were ofl'ered as a burnt-offering, and 1 goat for a sin-offering (Nu 29'^'^). The feast is alluded to in 1 K 8- 12^2, 2 Ch 5^ Ezr 3^ Neh 8, Zee 14, Jn 7'-10=i. On the later ceremonies connected with the feast, e.g. the procession to Siloam to fetch water and its solemn libation at the altar (Jn 7^'), the singing of the Hallel (Pss 113-118), the daily processions round the altar, and the sevenfold repetition on the seventh day (Ps 118'-^), the lighting of the four great golden candelabra in the court of the women (Jn 8), the singing of Pss 105. 29. 50. 94. 81. 82, and the public reading of the law on the first day of the week in the Sabbatical year, see Ederslieim, The Temple, etc., ch. xiv. pp. 232-249 ; We.stcott on St. John, notes on ch. 7^' 8'^. [On the daily service, which formed the substratum of the entire worship of the Temple, the morning and evening sacrifices which were offered on every Sabbath and every festival day, see Schiirer, HJP ii. 273-299.] III. The Minor Festivals.—(1) The Feast of Purim (o'tb, (ppoupai). — In 2 Mac 16^^ it is called 7] Mapdoxa.l'KTi vfi^pa, ' Mordecai's Day.' It is said to have been instituted by Mordecai to commemorate the overthrow of Haman and the failure of his plots against the Jews (Est 3'' 9-32). It was lield on the 14th and 15th of the month Adar (the twelfth month). The 13th of Adar—' the day of Nicanor'—originally a feast to commemorate his death (1 Mac 7^, 2 Mac 15^), at a later time became a fast—' the Fast of Esther'—in preparation for the Feast of Purim, which was of a very joyous character. De Lagarde (follovv^ed by Schultz, OT Theol. p. 431, and Fiicyl. Brit. 9th ed. vol. xx. p. 115) thinks that tlie feast which dates from the Persian period is itself of Persian origin, Purim being derived from the Persian Fui'digan (Pordigan, Pardiyan) the 4>ovpp.ala and^oup5/aof one of the Greek recensions of Esther pointing to a form (povpdala instead of Purim. Eder,slieim identifies the F. of Purim with the unnamed feast in Jn 5\ 'for no otlier feast could have intervened between December (Jn 4^'') and the Passover (Jn 6'), except that of the Dedica- tion of the Temple, and that is specially desig- nated as such (Jn 10) and not simply as a Feast of the Jews' (I'hc Tem2>lc, etc., p. 291). On the evening of tlie 13th of Adar the wliole Book (Megillalt. or Roll) of Esther was read at tlie syna- gogue service, to keep the memory of the great deliverance by Esther alive, ' the children raising their loudest and angriest cries at every mention of tlie name of Haman, the congregation stamping on the floor, with Eastern demonstrativeness, and imprecating from every voice the curse, Let his name be blotted out, tlie name of the wicked shall](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b24749163_0001_0889.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
