First book of botany : being an introduction to the study of the anatomy and physiology of plants, suited for beginners / by John Hutton Balfour.

  • Balfour, John Hutton, 1808-1884.
Date:
1872
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Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: First book of botany : being an introduction to the study of the anatomy and physiology of plants, suited for beginners / by John Hutton Balfour. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    case in the bean and pea, in wliicli the cotyledons form the great bulk of the seed. In plants which have no flowers, as ferns, mosses, sea-weeds, and fungi, the little germs are simple cells without any cotyledon, Avhich send out cellular roots from various pai-ts of their sur- face. In fig. 187 there is a representation of the germs of a flowerless plant, consisting of single cells, Avith tapering projections forming the roots. There is here no distinction of parts, as in the embryo or germ of flowering plants. It will thus be seen that, according to the nature of the embryo or young plant, the whole vegetable king- dom can be divided into—1. Flowering plants having one cotyledon, called monocotyledonous plants (fig. 184); 2. Flowering plants having two cotyledons, called dicotyledonous plants (figs. 185 and 186); 3. Flowerless plants without cotyledons, called acotyledonous plants (fig. 187). Dicotyledonous plants have exogenous stems (figs. 31, 32, p. 23). Monocotyledonous plants have en- dogenous stems (figs. 35, 36, p. 27). While acotyle- donous plants have acrogenous stems (fig, 38, p. 29), QUESTIONS. 1. What is meant by the term fruit in botanical language ? 2. Give an instance of a fruit formed by one carpel. 3. Give an instance of a fruit formed by several separate carpels. 4. Give an instance of a fruit formed by several carpels cohering together. 5. Describe the parts which form the fruit of a peach. C. _ Describe the parts which form the fruit of a gooseberry, and cx])lain in what respect it differs from a grape. 7. Describe the fruit of the hazel. 8. Describe the fruit of the oak. 9. What is the nature of a grain of wheat ? 10. Describe the fruit of a strawberry. 11. What kind of fruit is the pine ap^jle? 12. Describe the fruit of the Scotch fir.