Volume 2

Sanitation / edited by the professional staff of The Bennett College ... J. Webster ; assisted by A. H. Winterburn.

Date:
[between 1900 and 1920]
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: Sanitation / edited by the professional staff of The Bennett College ... J. Webster ; assisted by A. H. Winterburn. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    The pancreas is a whitish conglomerate gland of irregular shape situated beneath the stomach and pouring its secretion into the alimentary canal during digestion. This is one of the most important of the digestive organs. The alimentary canal is the great duct or intestine by which aliments are conveyed through the body and the useless parts evacuated. Aliment infers that which nourishes. Thus, food, nutriment, or anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth. Lymphatic Glands.—Throughout the carcase will be found chains of lymphatic glands. These under normal conditions are white and creamy in pigs, and mottled blue, grey, or creamy in oxen. Abdominal glands are, as a rule, softer and rounder than thoracic glands. A knowledge of the teeth of animals is often of great import¬ ance, and a few points regarding these will be of assistance in determining not only the age, but the nature of the animal. The mature ox has eight incisors on the front of the lower jaw ; the upper jaw is devoid of teeth at the front, their place being taken by a hard horny pad. In the posterior part of both jaws are molar teeth, twelve on each jaw; these are used in grinding the food when the animal is ruminating. Under one year, bovines still have their milk teeth, which are small in size and eight in number. These milk teeth are cast and replaced by permanent teeth at definite ages as follows :— The central are up at two years. ,, middle ,, ,, three ,, ,, lateral ,, ,, four ,, ,, corner ,, ,, five ,, These names are derived by commencing with the central teeth and working outwards. After five years, the teeth wear down and become ringed. In animals of ten years or more, the teeth appear much worn, project far out from the gums, and are widely “ spaced.” In the horse there are twelve incisor teeth, six on the lower jaw and six on the upper ; and in addition to these, four canine teeth, called tusks, make their appearance in the male animals. Before passing on to the various diseases with which we have to deal, let us look at one or two points in connection with the appearance of good meat, fat, etc. Good meat should be firm and elastic to the touch, moist, but not wet, and, except in the case of pork, veal, and lamb, bright red in colour. If the animal has been well fed, the flesh has a