Muscles of the head, mouth, neck, jaw and pelvis: forty-one figures. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1746.

Integrum morborum mysterium, sive medicinæ catholicæ tomi primi tractatus secundus. [Pulsus seu nova et arcana pulsuum historia ... Hoc est, portionis tertiae pars tertia, de pulsuum scientia ... medicorum ... sive tomi primi tractatus secundi, sectio secunda, de morborum signis ... hoc est, divinatio per urinam.] In sectiones distributus duas : quorum ... / authore Robert Fludd, alias De Fluctibus.

Bones and muscles of the skull, mouth, neck, foot and ribcage: twenty-four figures. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1744.

An écorché figure, side view, with left arm extended, showing the outermost muscles. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1743.

Muscles of the trunk: seven figures. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1745.

An écorché figure, back view, with left arm extended, showing the outermost layer of the muscles, with a river and rocks seen in the background. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1740.

An écorché figure, front view, with left arm extended, showing the outermost layers of the muscles. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1739.

Muscles and bones of the arm and hand: twenty-five figures. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1746.

An écorché figure, front view, with left arm extended, showing the second order of muscles. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1740.

Muscles and bones of the leg and foot: fourteen figures. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1747.

An écorché figure, front view, with left arm extended, showing the bones and the fourth order of muscles, with a grazing rhinoceros in the background. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1742.

An écorché figure, back view, with left arm extended, showing the bones and the fourth order of muscles, with a rhinoceros seen in the background. Line engraving by J. Wandelaar, 1742.

Hemorroides : Esculéol / Brandiere y Cía.

Effigies penis humani, injectâ cerâ praeparati exhibens inventa anatomica aliquot nova / et proprio colore typis impressa à Joanne Ladmiral.

Athanasius Kircher being guided by an archangel to the celestial spheres. Engraving by J.F. Fleischberger, 1660.

"Orquisteron" marca registrada (Testosterona canadiense) : hormona masculina / Charles E. Frosst & Co. ; distribuidores exclusivos para Cuba: Drogueria Arias y Cia.

Illustration: dog's bladder

Hypertrophy of the inter-uretal fold of a bladder

Taxus baccata L. Taxaceae European Yew. Trees are feminine in Latin, so while Taxus has a masculine ending (-us), its specific name, baccata (meaning 'having fleshy berries' (Stearn, 1994)), agrees with it in gender by having a female ending ( -a). Distribution: Europe. Although regarded as poisonous since Theophrastus, Gerard and his school friends used to eat the red berries (they are technically called 'arils') without harm. Johnson clearly ate the fleshy arils and spat out the seed, which is as poisonous as the leaves. It is a source of taxol, an important chemotherapeutic agent for breast and other cancers. It was first extracted from the bark of T. brevifolia, the Pacific yew tree, in 1966. About 1,100 kg of bark produces 10 g of taxol, and 360,000 trees a year would have been required for the needs of the USA – an unsustainable amount. In 1990 a precursor of taxol was extracted from the needles of the European yew so saving the Pacific trees. It is now produced in fermentation tanks from cell cultures of Taxus. Curiously, there is a fungus, Nodulisporium sylviforme, which lives on the yew tree, that also produces taxol. Because taxol stops cell division, it is also used in the stents that are inserted to keep coronary arteries open. Here it inhibits – in a different way, but like anti-fouling paint on the bottom of ships – the overgrowth of endothelial cells that would otherwise eventually block the tube. The economic costs of anticancer drugs are significant. Paclitaxel ‘Taxol’ for breast cancer costs (2012) £246 every 3 weeks

BRCA1 during meiosis

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